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What is the lifetime of a Glass Reinforced Plastic laminate exposed to an alkaline solution with pH 14? Although the GFRP product under our consideration exists more than 50 years, lack of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Finite Difference Analysis (FDA) computing capacity in the near past, still makes the above - perhaps trivial - question actual. Currently we are simulating the diffusion of Sodium Hydroxide through a FRP laminate. The laminate consists of a boundary layer of 100% resin, with a subsequent layer of glass fibres (73 wt%, E glass) and VE resin (27 wt%). Unfortunately, glass fibres are degraded by Sodium Hydroxide for longer times although the E glass corrosion resistance is not bad. But is this an issue if the Sodium Hydroxide is strongly diffusion hindered by the (corrosion resistant) VE boundary and matrix resin? And what if the VE resin is also not completely resistant to the alkaline solution for long exposure times? Unfortunately in case of FRP, corrosion rates can not be compiled in straight forward corrosion front rates, such as applied in metals engineering (e.g. mm / year at exposure of an 30 wt% Alkaline solution at 80 degrees Celsius and 1 bar system pressure). Here, the rigorous IDC-SAC simulation of the combination of Water, Na + and OH - ( aqueous solution) diffusion in the multilayer GRP structure and chemical corrosion reactions of glass fibres, including forthcoming mechanical retention, is the bottom line for the operational life and eventual long term service maintenance prediction.
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It is widely recognized that shelf and service life of various polymer based electronic equipment is largely dependent on UV resistance and diffusion barrier properties. Examples are light / video displays and solar cell components.
Nevertheless, diffusion analysis is usually carried out using the layman's equations: Fick's Laws. In addition and paradoxally, current use of FEA simulation software is leading to an increasing use of Fick's laws in all kinds of - in itself state-of-the-art - simulations. This is probably due to the often suggested plain analogy between FEA computed Fourier equations for heat transport, and Fick's Law for diffusion. However in our opinion, this analogy between Fourier and Fick is only valid in 1% of the industrial simulations, at least when polymer based materials are involved.
In this new case study "Evaluation of Transparent Polyimide for Flexible Solar Cell Substrates", it is shown that already small deviations from Fick's laws result in fundamental material decisions.
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| | Date: 3 October 2008
Location: Aula Congress Centre - Delft University of TechnologyComposite Agency is pleased to inform you on the Offshore Symposium organized by the Offshore Engineering Student Association DOT. Presentations include topics by reputable experts on Deep Sea Installations, Offshore Production of Stranded a Natural Gas resources that are currently not used for economic/technical reasons Gas, Wind Turbines Installation Offshore, Carbon Dioxide Storage Opportunities, etc.
website: www.dot.tudelft.nl. |
| | You may be interested in participating in a one-day workshop organised by the IOP Printing and Graphics Science Group and the UK Displays and Lighting Network:
Gas and Moisture Permeation Measurement for High Barrier Films
at Institute of Physics, London
on Thursday 25th September 2008
There are many instances where flexible films are being used because of their conformal nature or transparency. While many materials provide near ideal optical and mechanical properties, their barrier and chemical resistance properties often need to be improved to provide useable service life. For example in plastic electronics, many of the promises of flexible plastic Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) and Photovoltaics (PV) can only be realised by having a substrate with superior barrier properties. This raises the issue of barrier measurement since any measurement systems needs to have at least 1 order of magnitude better resolution than the barrier properties being measured.
This joint workshop aims to improve understanding in the area of barriers and their measurement. It will be of interest to scientists developing barrier layers for films, and using or improving permeability testing equipment. The meeting will include presentations from: * Holgor Norenberg, Technolox * Hazel Assender, University of Oxford * Stephane Cros, CEA, France * Sharon Louch, CPI
* Jasper Michels, Holst Centre, The Netherlands
* Sijmon van der Wal, Composite Agency, The Netherlands (see abstract below)
For details regarding the event (including a form to register online) please see the workshop web page, or contact Eifion Jewell of UKDL at eifion@ukdisplaylighting.net
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The newsletter contains brand new industrial case studies and hot topic discussion updates selected by experts. The letter is free of any obligation. Your e-mail address is treated strictly confidential. |
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Composite Agency is present on Composite & Lightweight Structures in Aircraft - Design and Manufacturing - more |
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Our latest case study on a Glass Reinforced Liner on top of a High Strength Steel Pipeline structure for Hydrogen transport, can be found here. |
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Our latest software on lifetime predictions of reinforced and multilayer materials will be presented at JEC 2008 - Forum for Building & Construction, on the 2nd of April 2008 in Paris. Click here to download the preliminary version. Click here to go to the JEC Composites 2008 website. |
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Via this special video we would like to wish you a happy & prosperous 2008! |
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We have been active in material selection for automotive applications since 2003. For the subsequent stages of composite implementation, such as manufacturing, assembly, visit our partner site at: composites engineering. |
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The successor of Glare is on it's way to space: CentrAL. CentrAL is an aerospace material from the Fibre-Metal-Laminate (FML) class: a lightweight Aluminum - Glass Fibre - Epoxy composite. CenrAL exhibits good ageing characteristics, mainly because of its intrinsic capability to stop impact or ageing crack growth before reaching the critical (Griffith) crack size. Compared to carbon-epoxy composites, mechanical strength under continuous load from torsion, tensile and flexural stress of CentrAL is better. However, the interfacial behaviour of fibre-metal-laminates when exposed to atmospheric water in varying environmental conditions is very probably less than carbon - epoxy composites. |
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Effective storage and transport materials for Hydrogen are essential in the near future. In this case a multilayer Aluminium - Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) composite is discussed using advanced simulation prg.'s. Click here to download. |
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The 11th International Elastomer Seminar 2007 will be held in Freiburg , Germany from 23 until 27 September 2007. Among other subjects, ageing, fatigue and lifetime of composite elastomers will be discussed. More information on the website of dkg-rubber.de |
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The first international conference on self healing materials will be held on 18-20 April 2007 in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. Visit website to learn more. |
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The agency released a new case study on the service life of a glass fibre reinforced Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS) pipeline, exposed to water and oil in severe conditions: click here. |
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We will present our most up to date programmes on life time assessment on the Third International Conference on Durability & Field Applications of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction. Details: 22-24 May 2007, Loews Le Concorde Hotel, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Click here for more info.
[Archive] paper |
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We introduced a new trading name: Composite Agency. This new name better covers our current activities: independent advice regarding polymer (based) materials. Diffusion-polymers, a name that goes back to our origins - the Diffusion in Polymers Platform - back in the year 2000, will stay in use for our shareware facilities such as the forum, tables and case histories. |
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Technical glitches and manufacturing woes could delay Boeing's breakthrough.
For Boeing, the 787 Dreamliner, with its radical lightweight design, represents far more than a potentially juicy profit stream. Made from carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic, the aircraft is supposed to be the symbol of a new Boeing... read more.
[source: businessweek] |
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The agency will be present at the 22nd European Symposium on Applied Thermodynamics from 28 June 2006 until 1 July 2006 in Elsinore - Denmark. We will give a presentation on the thermodynamics and diffusion of atmospheric water in high performance composites. Specific attention is given to the behaviour of water in the composite, when the temperature in the atmosphere variates from - 70 to + 50 degrees Celsius. More details are available on the site of esat 2006. |
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Sijmon van der Wal will give a talk on diffusion and chemical resistance of (reinforced) plastic containment materials. Special attention is given to Hydrogen and LPG losses from tubes and reinforced tanks when water diffuses into the opposite direction from the atmosphere. The Automotive Fuel Containment 2005 will be held on 6 and 7 December 2005 in Hannover, Germany. Conference is organized by Rapra Technology. |