hydrogen carbon dioxide water diffusion permeation gas test service testing

case stories

Find a selection of our industrial case stories below. The broad selection is based on various interest areas of our visitors. The cases give an impression of our integrated approach with regard to adsorption, solubility thermodynamics (Henry's Law / Flory - Huggins), diffusion, desorption, permeability, corrosion kinetics and mechanical retention. Nevertheless the cases are significantly consolidated for the sake of web publication. For a real sample report we invite you to contact us.
case stories
Hydrogen Diffusion & Chemical Resistance: Polyamide Lining on a High Strength Steel Pipeline
A major concern for future, high capacity hydrogen pipelines is long term durability at an internal gas pressure of 100 bar. It is well known that, already at one third of this pressure, carbon steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and cracking. In this case we describe integrated mechanical and permeation considerations in case we would like to increase the lifetime of such a pipeline. Here, we will specifically focus on lining of an existing natural gas pipeline by glass reinforced polyamide, for future – high pressure - transport of hydrogen. Interest Areas: lining, liner, coating, coatings for hydrogen (H2) permeation, carbon dioxide (CO2) membrane permeability and selectivity, Carbonic Acid diffusion in coatings and field joints, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) permeability, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) permeation, Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) diffusion coefficients, Natural Gas transport coating, field joint, Chlorine (Cl2), Chlorine Dioxide permeation in membanes, Moisture, Water Vapour Weld corrosion and chemical resistance, Pipeline Certification, Independent FRP Pipeline Service.
Composite Permeation & Chemical Resistance in Hygrothermal Conditions
In new composite equipment, such as in windmill turbines, aerospace parts, body parts for car and trains, electronic packages, medical packaging, membranes for simultaneous carbon dioxide / water vapour removal and other membrane applications, the mechanical retention if the composite is exposed to hygrothermal conditions is one of the main interests. The fact that water diffuses with a considerable rate in polymers, in combination with the anomalous diffusion and uptake behaviour, have lead to a variety of different theories with regard to water behaviour in composites. In this preliminary paper we present our view on water diffusion and mechanical retention in an unreinforced and glass fibre reinforced Derakane 411 Epoxy Vinyl Ester Resin (from Dow Chemicals). We have used IDC-SAC to interpret gravimetric data using two main concepts: [1] localized water adsorption theory, [2] multilayer diffusion simulation. The composite configuration that we tested did not show chemical degradation, but swells to a small extent under the continuous load of water. Click here to learn more.
Glass-Resin Composite Lifetime Prediction for Building & Construction
FRP-Rebars have been developed to solve the corrosion problem of bridges, sluices, dams and other structures. The different fibre types are to a greater or lesser extent susceptible to corrosion in the highly alkaline environment of concrete. As a consequence, the vinyl ester epoxy resin system has to provide protection for the less durable fibres against diffusion and deterioration. In this paper, the combined aqueous immersion and sustained stress on the service life of a composite - concrete bridge deck and a composite bridge deck joint is chararacter. This is done by mechanical testing and simultaneous chemicals exposure. Click here to read more.
Polyethylene Liner on Structural Epoxy Resin Tank for Gasoline
In a wide range of industries, various composite and lining systems are used with the objective to combine good mechanical and chemical resistance properties. Key to a sustainable and - sometimes even - a multi-purpose service life, is chemical resistance and diffusion analysis in an early development stage. The case of gasoline in a HDPE lined / coated Epoxy tank gives a clear insight in our approach. We have more information available on similar configurations, like hoses, tubes, adhesives, rubbers and elastomers for gasoline based on PA, PVDF, PPS including different kinds and degrees of reinforcements. Click picture to read the case!
100% Nitrogen in Tyre Composites
Usually we fill our tyres with Air. Nowadays there are several discussions in magazines and internet on whether it would be better to fill tyres with 100% Nitrogen or Carbon Dioxide instead of Air. The diffusion resistance layer of tyres are made from a polymer rubber called Polyisobutylene, and a few percent of Isoprene. In this case history it is shown that this polymer has a better diffusion resistance against Nitrogen than Oxygen. Moreover the practical implications of this difference are described.
Methanol Diffusion in GFRP
Here we demonstrate how mass transfer of liquids and saturated vapours is applied in an industrial application. We were commissioned to assess whether it is possible to use a GFRP (Unsaturated Polyester Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic) pipeline for the transport of methanol. Apart from past effects of alkaline water transport on sustainability of this pipeline, it is shown how the methanol flux changes in the time period evaluated. In this example the counter diffusion of polluting chemicals in ground water was not taken into account.
Using Hildebrand Solubility Parameters for Material Selection
We want to assess what sort of thermoplastic polymer we can use for containment of toluene at ambient conditions. A special design requirement is prevention of plasticizing of the material by toluene. This requirement is related to diffusion resistance: in many instances plasticizing causes the initial diffusion rate to increase several orders of magnitudes. This can be noticed from the figures in the table for liquid diffusion on the website. If a chemical has a high solubility in the polymer then the weighted average diffusion rate (D\|) becomes much larger than the initial rate (D0). Read more...
Carbon Dioxide Diffusion through PET
In this case history we see the effect of diffusion of carbon dioxide through PET bottle walls. Especially at lower gas pressures, the swelling of the polymer due to gas diffusion is less important than in case of liquid and vapour diffusion. But here, the shelf life of the bottled product is affected. For assistance with food and pharma packaging do not hesitate to contact us.
Biodiesel Diffusion through Containment Materials
Biodiesel is one of the promising developments with regard to sustainable energy. In this case the influence of ethanol content in biodiesel on the permeation and chemical resistance of a car's fuel system, based on performance polymers like PEEK, PPS and PA/PI, is assessed. This extensive case shows how we deal with topics like: effect of different component of a chemical mixture on the break through / lag time, diffusivity coefficient, (maximum) solubility, swelling behaviour, permeability, mechanical performance and the selection of the appropriate adhesive, elastomer or rubber.

miscellaneous
- glossary on polymers and composites
- gas diffusion table for polymer & elastomers
- gas diffusion table for metals and polymer based composites
- liquid diffusion table
- vapour diffusion table
- chemical resistance table
- solubility parameters for permeants and polymers